[Revised entry by Peter Adamson on May 14, 2025.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (865 – 925 CE, 251 – 313 AH) was one of the greatest figures in the history of medicine in the Islamic tradition, and one of its most controversial philosophers. While we have ample surviving evidence for his medical thought, his philosophical ideas mostly have to be pieced together on the basis of reports found in other authors, who are often hostile to him. This concerns especially his notorious critique of religion, and his teaching that the cosmos is produced through the interaction of five…
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