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There is a passage (Nicomachean Ethics, Book I) where Aristotle is concerned with finding out what “the good” is. Not any good, but the highest good.
So he looks at the various sciences and arts, and he finds that they all have different meanings of “good.” In medicine, it is good to be healthy. In strategy, the ultimate good is to win. In music, it is to play a piece well.
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But all these also have something in common. For every activity, the good is that for the sake of which the activity is undertaken. When you go to a doctor, you do so for the sake of your health. When you play music, you play for the sake of playing a piece well. So your health is one possible good. And playing a piece of music well is another good.
But now we can still ask the same question about these things that seem to be good. For the sake of what do I want my health to be good? Why do I care whether I play an instrument well? Perhaps I can find another reason. I want my health to be good so that I can enjoy my life more fully. I want to play music well so that people will like to hear me play and I will be famous.
But again, I can ask further. Why is enjoying my life a good thing? Why do I want to be famous?
In the end, Aristotle says, we will have to find something that is good for its own sake, not for some other purpose. We will find, Aristotle says, that all other things are good for the sake of that ultimate good. But this ultimate good is not good for the sake of anything outside itself.
So what is Aristotle’s highest good? What could it be? What do we desire only for itself, not for the sake of another thing? Aristotle says: Happiness.
We want to have money, in order to be happy. We want to have a good family, in order to be happy. We want success and fame and a sailboat or a private jet in order to be happy. But we never want to be happy in order to reach some other goal. Being happy is itself the highest good. It doesn’t need any other justification. It is valuable in itself.
This looks like an easy insight, trivial perhaps. But it has far-reaching consequences. The next time I am tempted to work late, I should ask myself: Why am I doing this? What is …
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