[Revised entry by Thomas Kasulis and Raquel Bouso on January 11, 2026.
Changes to: Main text, Bibliography]
Japanese philosophers have historically interacted with a multitude of philosophies outside their native boundaries – most prominently Chinese, Indian, Korean, and Western. As a result. they have been attuned to the intimate relations among culture, ways of thinking, and philosophical world views. An island chain twice as distant from its continental neighbors as Britain is to its own, Japan escaped successful foreign invasion until 1945. Accordingly, it largely negotiated its own cultural, including philosophical, development…

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